果冻影院

COPD includes serious lung conditions, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and is the world鈥檚 third leading cause of morbidity with more than three million deaths a year. The greatest burden on COPD is in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), which account for around 90% of COPD related deaths. Globally, COPD has also been a major risk factor associated with Covid-19 outcomes.

In high-income countries, COPD is typically caused by smoking tobacco and is diagnosed using a听spirometer,听where an individual blows into a device that measures how much air a person can breathe out in one forced breath. Diagnosis is straightforward and symptoms can be effectively treated.

However, in LMICs the primary cause of COPD is more varied and includes household air pollution in the form of biomass smoke for cooking and heating; other causes include impaired lung growth, chronic asthma and post-tuberculosis lung damage. And diagnosis in LMICs is hindered as spirometry 鈥� the 鈥榞old-standard鈥� for diagnosing COPD 鈥� is often not available. There is a shortage of clinicians needed to perform and interpret the tests, therefore rolling these out is costly. As a result, COPD is commonly undiagnosed in LMICs.

In the five-year听study, published in听JAMA today, researchers found that people at high-risk of COPD could be identified in 7-8 minutes using either a questionnaire on its own or a questionnaire combined with a Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) assessment, a low-cost device that tests how fast a person can exhale.

Explaining,听Principal Investigator Professor John Hurst (果冻影院 Division of Medicine) said: 鈥淐hronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is one of the world鈥檚 major public health issues, causing both individual and economic harm: there is a clear and pressing need to find better ways to identify people early, in all manner of settings.

鈥淪creening tools for COPD have been shown to have reasonable diagnostic accuracy in high-income countries, but due to better population health and treatment in these settings, this has tended to identify milder disease, not requiring much intervention.

鈥淯p until now the performance of these screening tools has not been adequately studied in LMICs; we aimed to test both the diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of simple screening tools.鈥�

For the study researchers assessed three COPD screening tools on populations in three distinct settings: semiurban Bhaktapur, Nepal, urban Lima, Peru and rural Nakaseke, Uganda.

Two of the screening tools (COLA 6 and CAPTURE) comprised a questionnaire and Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF). The other screening tool, LFQ, solely involved a questionnaire. All three screening tools were tested in all three settings. 听

To establish diagnostic accuracy of the tools, all participants were also given a spirometry test.听 听听

In total 10,709 male and female adults aged 40 years or older from the three communities took part. Participants were recruited irrespective of symptoms and/or a prior diagnosis of COPD, but needed to be able to perform spirometry.

Study findings

• Prevalence of COPD varied by site, from 3% in Lima (Peru) to 7% in Nakaseke (Uganda) and 18% in Bhaktapur (Nepal).
• 49% of COPD cases were clinically significant as defined by symptoms and or exacerbation burden, and 16% had severe or very-severe disease measured on spirometry. 95% of cases were previously undiagnosed.
• The screening instruments performed similarly within each population setting and were feasible to deliver using trained research staff, taking an average of 7-8 minutes.

Commenting Professor Hurst said:听鈥�Our findings support the accuracy and feasibility of using simple screening tools to identify people affected by COPD living in diverse low- and middle-income settings.

鈥淚t is alarming that a high percentage of screen-identified COPD cases were clinically important, had severe or very severe changes in lung function, and that most were unaware of their diagnosis despite the high prevalence of symptoms and lower quality of life.

鈥淚n addition, only a minority of people had a history of smoking, further highlighting the poor conditions, exacerbated by biomass smoke, that people in low- and middle-income countries are living.鈥�

Professor Hurst added: 鈥淎ction is needed: the global health community has neglected the burden of chronic respiratory diseases for too long.听 It is now time for people with chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD to be promptly identified, informed about their condition and treated 鈥� wherever they live in the world.鈥�

Si芒n Williams and Noel Baxter, Joint CEO of the International Primary Care Respiratory Group (IPCRG) added: 鈥淭his paper demonstrates that COPD can be feasibly听identified in primary care in听low-income settings, which is one of the top 10 questions for primary care in our respiratory research prioritisation: 鈥楬ow can we best educate healthcare professionals to improve early recognition and diagnosis of COPD?鈥櫶�

鈥淚t also reinforces the findings by colleagues in other recent studies in middle income countries such as China and Brazil. This is important if we听want communities at risk and primary care teams to know about COPD, to recognise it as a disease听with defined characteristics,听and to understand it is a disease with a sizeable impact on communities' health and wellbeing that can be mitigated through a range of non-pharmacological and pharmacological primary, secondary and tertiary prevention interventions.鈥澨� 听 听

Researchers say further studies will be required to assess if COPD screening can be implemented in routine LMIC healthcare settings; if screening for COPD is of benefit to those testing positive, and it is cost-effective, for a given population, to implement COPD screening in LMIC settings.听听

The Global Excellence in COPD Outcomes 1 Study was led by researchers at 果冻影院 with collaborators at University of Miami (US), Johns Hopkins University (US), Makerere University (Uganda), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (Peru) and Kathmandu Medical College (Nepal).

Grant funding was received from the Medical Research Council through a Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases call.听

*Figure from 听in the听American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.听听

Links

• 果冻影院 Division of Medicine

Image

• 'Doctor with radiological chest x-ray', credit Chinnapong on

Media contact听

Henry Killworth听

Tel: +44 (0) 7881 833274

E: h.killworth [at] ucl.ac.uk

听

听